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Introduction to Biological Classification
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History of Biological Classification
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Three and Four Kingdom Systems
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Five Kingdom System
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Three Domains of Life
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History of Plant Classification
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Kingdom Monera
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Bacteria – Size, Shape and Arrangement
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Bacterial Cell Envelope
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Bacterial Cytoplasm
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Bacterial Cell Surface Structures
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Nutrition in Bacteria
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Respiration in Bacteria
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Reproduction in Bacteria
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Archaebacteria: The Oldest Bacteria
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Cyanobacteria: The Blue-Green Algae
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Mycoplasma: The Wall-Less Bacteria
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Gram Staining of Bacteria
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Structure of Virus
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Types of Viruses and Viral Diseases
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Reproduction in Viruses
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Viroids, Prions and Virusoids
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Introduction to Kingdom Protista
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Chrysophytes: The Golden Algae
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Pyrrophytes: The Fire Algae
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Euglenoids: The Photosynthetic Protists
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Slime Moulds: The Saprophytic Protists
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Protozoans: The Heterotrophic Protists
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Flagellated Protozoans
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Amoeba: The Amoeboid Protozoans
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Amoeboid Protozoans and Their Orders
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Sporozoans: The Parasitic Protozoans
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Ciliated Protozoans
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Kingdom Fungi
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Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
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Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
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Types of Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
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Classification of Fungi
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Phycomycetes – Oomycetes and Zygomycetes
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Importance and Diseases of Oomycetes and Zygomycetes
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General Features of Ascomycetes
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Importance of Ascomycetes
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General Features Basidiomycetes
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Importance of Basidiomycetes
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General Features and Importance of Deuteromycetes
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Lichens and Mycorrhiza
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Introduction to Plant Kingdom
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Thallophyta (Algae) – General Features and Importance
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Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
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Examples and Importance of Red Algae
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Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
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Examples and Importance of Brown Algae
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Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
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Examples of Green Algae – Chlamydomonas
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Examples of Green Algae – Volvox
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Examples of Green Algae – Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chara
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General Features of Bryophytes
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Bryophytes – Liverworts (Marchantia)
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Bryophytes – Mosses
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General Features of Pteridophytes
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Reproduction in Pteridophytes
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Types of Pteridophytes
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Importance of Pteridophytes
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Pteridophytes – Selaginella
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Difference Between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
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General Features of Gymnosperms
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Reproduction in Gymnosperms
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Types of Gymnosperms
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General Features of Angiosperms
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Life Cycle of Angiosperms
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Problems on Plant Kingdom
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Introduction to Animal Tissues
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Main Features of Epithelial Tissues
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Specialised Structures and Junctions
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What Are Simple and Stratified Epithelial Tissues?
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Squamous Epithelium
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Cuboidal Epithelial Tissues
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Columnar Epithelium
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Pseudostratified and Transitional Epithelium
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Glandular Epithelium
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What Is Connective Tissue?
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Cells of Connective Tissues
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Fibres of Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue – Areolar and Adipose
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Dense Connective Tissue
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Skeletal Connective Tissue – Cartilage
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Skeletal Connective Tissue – Bones
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Internal Structure of Bone
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Differences Between Bone and Cartilage
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What Are Muscle Tissues?
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Striated or Skeletal Muscular Tissue
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Unstriated or Smooth Muscular Tissue
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Cardiac Muscular Tissue
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Cells of the Nervous Tissue
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Structure of a Nerve
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Vascular Connective Tissue
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Earthworm – Introduction and Body Wall
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Earthworm – Morphology
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Earthworm – Digestive System
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Earthworm – Blood Vascular System
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Earthworm – Respiratory and Excretory Systems
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Earthworm – Reproduction
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Earthworm – Nervous System and Economic Importance
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Cockroach – Introduction and Body Wall
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Cockroach – Morphology
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Cockroach – Digestive System
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Cockroach – Blood Vascular System
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Cockroach – Respiratory and Excretory Systems
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Cockroach – Nervous System
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Cockroach – Reproductive System
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Frog – Introduction, Morphology and Body Wall
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Frog – Digestive, Respiratory and Blood Vascular Systems
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Frog – Excretory, Nervous and Reproductive Systems
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Introduction to Cell
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Shape, Size and Types of Cells
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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
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Cell Membrane: The Outer Cover of the Cell
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Membrane Transport – Passive Transport
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Membrane Transport – Active Transport
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Membrane Transport – Bulk Transport
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Cytoplasm: The Ground Material of the Cell
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The Endomembrane System and ER
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Golgi Apparatus: The Post Office of the Cell
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Lysosomes: The Suicidal Bags of the Cell
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Vacuoles: The Storage Bodies of the Cell
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Role of the Endomembrane System
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Mitochondria: The Power House of the Cell
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The Cytoplasmic Microbodies
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Ribosomes: The Protein Factories of the Cell
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Cytoskeleton – Microfilaments
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Cytoskeleton – Intermediate Filaments
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Cytoskeleton – Microtubules
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Flagella and Cilia
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Centrioles and Centrosome
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Nucleus: The Brain of the Cell
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Introduction to Chromosomes
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Types of Chromosomes
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Introduction to Cell Wall
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Structure of Cell Wall
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Introduction to Plastids
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Chloroplast: The Kitchen of the Cell
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Differences Between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
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Differences Between Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells
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Introduction to Biomolecules
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Bonding in Biomolecules
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Protein Monomers: The Amino Acids
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Peptides and Protein Primary Structure
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Secondary Protein Structure
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Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
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Functions of Proteins
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Carbohydrates: Classification and Function
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Carbohydrate Monomers: The Monosaccharides
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Glycosidic Bond and Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides: General Introduction and Types
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Homopolysaccharides: Cellulose, Starch and Glycogen
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Some Other Polysaccharides
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Nucleic Acid Structure
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Structure of DNA
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RNA and Its Types
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Lipids: General Introduction and Function
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Lipids Formation and Structure
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Phospholipids, Sphingolipids and Glycolipids
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Steroids and Lipoproteins
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Enzymes and Their Properties
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Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes
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How Do Enzymes Catalyse Reaction?
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Models for Enzyme Action
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
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Enzyme Inhibition
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Cofactors and Coenzymes
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Primary Metabolites and Secondary Metabolites
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